The Main Turning Points in the Modern History of the Middle East and their Impact on the Region

The primary goal of this paper is to provide the sufficient analysis of the turning points in the history of the Middle East and explain their effect on the development of the region. Following the historical flow of events allows determine the reasons for the potential actions and the ability to understand the future of the Middle East. The first turning point is the â€Å"Palestinian issue†, which lead to the establishment of the Palestinian state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Turning Points in the Modern History of the Middle East and their Impact on the Region specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nonetheless, despite having the opposing opinions, Palestinians and Israelis were able to find time for the negotiations and resolve the existing problem between two nations. Nonetheless, the problem tends to exist despite introducing the dialogue between two countries related to the establishment of p eace (Kronish 88). In this instance, no solution was found due to the controversial opinions about the right solution, as the participants tend to pursue different goals. It could be said that the collapse of USSR was the second turning point in the history of Israel, as it dramatically affect the flow of events in different spheres in different spheres of the country. As for its contribution to the development of Israel, this era increased the population of the Jews due to the cultivation of the positive thinking towards Jews’ migration. Moreover, the collapse underlined the significance of the United States of America in the world. Another change agent is the relationship between Kuwait and Iraq. In this case, the United States of America liberated Kuwait and destroyed the Iraq’s social and economic infrastructures. This flow of events led to the popularity of Saddam Hussein and desire to liberate Palestine. In this instance, Saddam Hussein was one of the main figure s in the politics, which determined the formation of the particular attitude towards the Middle East countries (Cockburn and Cockburn 56). The global rise of terrorism due to the collapse of the USSR, leading positions of the Unites States of America in the military issues was another changing point in Israel and the politics of the Middle East. In this instance, it could be assumed that the actions of the United States define the presence of terrorism in the world. Supporting the political and repressive systems of the Middle East countries contributes to the desire to fight for the rights and have the absence of injustice with the assistance of aggression (Allison et. al par. 1). Furthermore, the tragedy, which occurred on September 11, 2009, in the United States of America, which involved the attacks of Pentagon and World Trade Center. In this instance, the planes were hijacked by the people from Saudi Arabia. These cruel actions contributed to the development the antiterrorist p olicies. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether this policy had a positive impact on the development of the international relationship, as it started the open war against the terrorism. It could be assumed that the negative attitude towards the terrorism was a driver for the presence of violent acts towards Israel by Palestinians. This particular fact led to the collapse of the Israeli government and necessity for reelections. The combination of the turning points, which are mentioned above, determined the attitudes towards particular religions in the world.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The elections of Obama as the president of the United States of America determined the political flow of actions and aimed towards finding a solution to the Israeli/Palestinian problem. In this instance, Obama actively contributes to the development of the particular solutions to the issue. Nonetheless, i t remains unclear whether his actions correspond with the interests of Israel and Palestine (McConnell 10). In turn, the globalization is another point, which determines the development of the Middle East. The existence of this approach proposed the belief that Muslim culture causes particular danger to Christianity and peace in the world. Another historical phenomenon is rapidly increasing the number of the nongovernmental organization. In this instance, this action contributed to the development of Al-Qaeda and cultivation of the prejudice against the Middle East relation to the correlation of terrorism and Muslim religion. Additionally, the continuous intervention of the other states, which are not located in the Middle East, contributed to the definition and establishment of the borders between the states. The presence of these views created the development of the Arab allies and its controversial actions towards Iraq. The external intervention was the primary driver for this ev ent due to the Iraq land being rich in the natural resources. Furthermore, the United Nations introduced the sanctions to change the position of Iraq in this conflict. These sanctions caused a significant damage to Iraq’s citizens. However, the primary goal was to weaken the position of Saddam Hussain and his influence in the world. The control of Iraq continued to exist due to the potential risks of production and distribution of the dangerous weapons. Another aspect is the desire of Turkey to become a member of the European Union. This feature was a primary driver for the development of the different policies, which emphasize the importance of human rights and relations. Changing and modifying of the laws, freedoms, rights, and policies brought Turkey closer to the standards, which are actively promoted by the European Union. Nonetheless, the establishment of the reforms and instability of the economic and political situation led to the domination of the Islamic party durin g the elections. This aspect identified the future ability of Turkey to become a part of the European Union, as the country’s leaders lack the ability to cultivate the trend towards the respect of the human rights. The influence of the NGOs cannot be underestimated due to their ability to drive significant attention to the refugees. Nonetheless, the wars in the Gulf States was the primary reason for the disparity during the oil distribution. In this instance, being rich in natural resources resulted in giving a significant share of the income to the countries such as Syria and Egypt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Turning Points in the Modern History of the Middle East and their Impact on the Region specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this instance, the strong position of Kuwait was determined by the inability to find oil and other natural resources on time. This aspect determined the ability of Kuwait to remain undiscovered as a country with a high potential of the natural resources. The processes of liberalization and privatization in the 1980s determined the economic situation in the Middle East. In this instance, it remained evident that some of the countries will experience a significant economic downturn, and some of them gain particular profit from the operations. This aspect identifies the difficulties, which are associated with the following process, as the Middle East countries are highly dependent on the export of a single product. These economic aspects identify the flow of the events and introduction of the external sanctions and economic policies due to the necessity to maintain the situation in control. Although, it is clear that it is unclear how the financial resources can be distributed clearly. The Islamic politics continued to rise due to paying high attention to the terrorists. In this instance, Osama bin Laden was one of the critical figures in the cu ltivation of the necessity of training for the terrorists. Providing financial support for the development of bombs and other particular features. The United States of America contributed to the confrontation by bombing particular weapon factories. Nonetheless, the globalization of the terrorism took place, as Osama bin Laden developed the plan for the bombing the U.S. embassies around the world. These actions are the main causes for the activation of the terrorists in the modern world due to the strong opposition to the terrorist movement. Egypt also remained one of the common goals for the cultivation of Islamic traditionalism. Nonetheless, it could be said that this attitude was one of the crucial reasons for the development of the terroristic movements among Egyptians. Despite being highly criticized by the government of the United States of America, the problem was not taken into account and analyzed critically. This fact contributed to the development of the terroristic moveme nt and actions in the context of terrorism. In this case, the various terrorist groups tend to develop across the Middle East and Africa including such countries as Egypt (Laqueur 143).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The occupation of Iraq by the American forces created confusion and caused a sequence of events, which formed the current state of the Middle East. The desire to build the democracy in Iraq and prevention of the future risks were the primary reason for the American intervention. However, despite having positive intentions, the active participation of the United States of America was a determinant of the jihadi movement development. This aspect created a significant confusion among the election of the parties and caused a massacre of the innocent people. Furthermore, this fact was a reason for the mobilization of the forces in Saudi Arabia and escalation of the conflict. The United States of America were actively training military forces of the Saudi Arabia, but the explosion continued its presence. Additionally, the political changes related to the presence of women in politics were questioned and Middle East countries including Oman, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. In this in stance, the internationalization and constant intervention of the United States of America contributed to the change of attitudes and presence of the different social roles. Nonetheless, the ability to understand the importance of the women’s civil rights and freedoms in politics (Al-Sabah 133). The influence of the democratic nature of the West cannot be unnoticed in this case. However, the difference in mindset and attitudes cannot modify the commonly accepted principles, which are supported by the religion in the Middle East. In turn, the active sanctions of the United States of America prevented Iran from building its infrastructure and establishing military force. Nonetheless, the Iranians were able to reach the international community by convincing investing in the gas and oil industries. The actions were not successful, and the dysfunction of the economy was defined by the sanctions. In turn, any propaganda of the freedom of thinking and portrayal of other political ex pressions was aggressively prohibited. The presence of these policies questioned the abilities of the political leaders to have a right decision-making. In this instance, the United Nations continued to pose the sanctions to Iran to avoid the potentially risky and dangerous consequences. Nonetheless, the question between Israelis and Palestinians continued to rise, and the election of Barak was one of the potential aspects, which defined the decision. In this instance, the relationships of Israel with the United States of America contributed to finding the solution to the issue and defining the potential interests of all countries. Nonetheless, Syria was also involved in the conflict due to its vehement connection to the first Gulf War. Nonetheless, the United States of America developed a relationship and regulation of the conflict between Jordan and Israel. However, the controversies continue to exist due to the eccentric actions of each state and the inability to act in accordanc e with commonly accepted principles. In the end, it remains evident that the intervention of the United States of America and other countries in the flow of the events in the Middle East determined the development of the particular movements and coalitions to protect the rights of the population. In this case, the foreign involvement negatively affect the formation of the particular social groups. In conclusion, it is apparent that the issues, which are actively emphasized in the text, have a tendency to remain unsolved due to the focus on the other aspects of the countries and analysis of the social roles. It is evident that all countries have to contribute to finding the solution to the terrorism issue simultaneously due to the situation of high risk. Works Cited Al-Sabah, Meshal. Gender and Politics in Kuwait: Women and Political Participation in the Gulf. New York: I.B. Taurus Co Ltd, 2013. Print. Allison, Graham, Nicholas Burns, Ashraf Hegazy, Joseph Nye, and Stephen Walt 2011 . What Role Should the U.S. Play in Middle East. Web. Cockburn, Andrew, and Patrick Cockburn. Saddam Hussein: An American Obsession. London: Verso, 2001. Print. Kronish, Ron. â€Å"The Other Peace Process: Inter-Religious Dialogue in the Service of Peace in Israel and Palestine.† Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 20/21.4/1 (2015): 88. Print. Laqueur, Walter. The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print. McConnell, Scott. â€Å"Obama Solves His Israel Problem (If Not Palestine’s).† The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 32.4 (2013): 10. This essay on The Main Turning Points in the Modern History of the Middle East and their Impact on the Region was written and submitted by user Paityn Cantu to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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PETRONAS Company Analysis

PETRONAS Company Analysis Jump to: PEST Analysis of PETRONAS  | Impact of Globalisation on PETRONAS | Recommendations for PETRONAS The company of my choice is PETRONAS, the petroleum Multinational Corporation based in Malaysia. The paper will outline the background of the company followed by identification of the actual and potential impacts of globalisation on the company. Recommendation of strategies which the company might use to respond to the impacts is covered in the last part of the paper. 1.0 Overview of PETRONAS Multinational enterprise is defined as a large company with substantial resources that perform various business activities through a network of subsidiaries and affiliated located in multiple countries. (Cavusgil, Knight Riesenberger, p.13). PETRONAS, the acronym for Petroliam Nasional Berhad is a petroleum multinational corporation headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia which was incorporated on 17 August 1974 under the Companies Act, 1965. It is national oil company of Malaysia, vested with the entire ownership and control of the petroleum resources in the country (PETRONAS, 2010). Under the leadership of Tan Sri Hassan Marican, PETRONAS is transformed rapidly into a global company with oil explorations and business joint ventures with overseas partners. Over the years of effort, it has become a fully-integrated oil and gas corporation with operations in more than 30 countries worldwide and ranked among FORTUNE Global 500 ® largest corporations in the world (PETRONAS, 2010). 1.1 Integrated business of PETRONAS PETRONAS is fully integrated across the value chain from the upstream exploration, development, production, processing, and transportation and gas transmission to the marketing of liquefied natural gas and other petroleum products as shown in Figure 1.0. PETRONAS also involved in domestic refining, petrochemical manufacturing and marketing business, while managing a globally coordinated downstream operation designed to optimize product delivery to its customers through its marketing and trading operation (PETRONAS Capital, 2009). PETRONAS also engage in shipping, automotive engineering and property investment. 1.2 Petroleum as the Core Business of PETRONAS Petroleum is the core business of PETRONAS because refined petroleum products account for 37% of the company total revenue amounting to RM80.7 billion (PETRONAS, 2010). Exports and domestic operation contributed 35% and 19.7% of PETRONASs total revenue respectively which bring positive balance of payments to Malaysia (PETRONAS, 2010). Thailand, Japan, Korea and Singapore has been the main crude oil export countries of Malaysia which account for 87% whereas over 40% of gas was exported to markets in Japan, Korea and Taiwan, most of the remainder used domestically for electricity generation (Malaysia Green Technology Corporation, 2010). The international operations are as important to PETRONAS which generated 45.3% (RM98.1 billion) of the company total revenue. PETRONASs production are mainly comes from Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Chad, Egypt, Sudan, Mauritania, Iran, Pakistan and Turkmenistan. Africa remains to be the companys prominent operation region which contributed 57.7% of the company international production followed by South East Asia (25.1%) Oceania and Middle East Asia (17.2%). 1.3 Organisational Structure of PETRONAS PETRONAS adopted a centralized functional organisation structure which the executive vice president (EVC) and vice presidents (VC) have to constantly report their performance to the CEO. Each VC or EVP from respective function are responsible to monitor and controlling the overseas operation with the aids of overseas joint venture companies or partners 2.0 External Analysis of PETRONAS 2.1 Political PETRONASS oil exploration often takes place in high political risk countries such as Sudan and Iraq with abundant resources of oil and natural gas. Sudan has been in political instability and having war for more than three-quarters of its existence due to the independence, protracted conflict rooted in deep cultural and religious differences which has slowed down country economical and political development (U.S. State Department, 2010). Recently, Sudans internal war evolved from the issue of exploring more oil region outside the territory because of depletion of the existing oil reserves. Despite political instability of Sudan could disrupt PETRONAS in oil exploration, the company had strengthened its politics affiliation through Malaysian Government to mitigate the effect. For example, PETRONAS is welcome by Sudan Government to pursue exploration and development works in its, Melut and Muglad Basins which has expanded in both the upstream and downstream sectors of the countrys oil and gas industry (PETRONAS, 2010). Besides, liberalize of countries trade policy is prominent to guarantee the profitability of PETRONASs overseas operation. In Malaysian, fewer tariffs are imposed on petroleum and gas product. PETRONAS is assigned to regulate the upstream activities in oil and gas as well as controlling the foreign investment of upstream petroleum and gas industry through the form of production-sharing contracts (PSCs), between foreign investors and PETRONAS. Likewise, South Africas government also developed their national oil and natural gas company, Petroleum Oil and Gas Corporation of South Africa (PetroSA) on managing and promoting the licensing of oil and gas exploration includes onshore and offshore exploration of the country. Thus, PETRONAS set its own oil refining and marketing presence in Africa through its 80% owned subsidiary, Engen Petroleum Limited ENGEN, a leading South African refining and marketing company. 2.2 Social Islam remain as the important role in shaping Malaysias position on many international issues especially those related to the Muslim world of which the Middle East is a part (Ruhanas Harun, 2009). Middle East and North Africa account for 60.4% of the world oil reserve which are the important for PETRONASs exploration and production. Thus, Malaysian government has been proactive to build up religious affiliation by developing membership of a worldwide Islam brotherhood. The action is paid off when Malaysia oil reserves have dwindled and few domestic opportunities exist to drill for new reserves, PETRONAS has successfully to expand its operations to Iraq and Sudan which are Islamic oriented developing countries. 2.3 Economic PETRONAS is the biggest contributor to the Malaysian government budget, accounting for 39.3% of the federal governments revenues in 2008, up from 36.4% in 2007 (CIA, 2010). According to Bank Negara, 26% of inward FDI of Malaysia was channelled into manufacturing oil and gas in 2008. With the financial support of PETRONAS, Malaysian Government has been subsidizing the local fuel prices since 2004 which is different from many countries whose followed the exact fuel prices regulated by global market price of gasoline (Bernama, 2010). The fuel price subsidies is intended to protect the local welfare of middle income household but it causes 5.0 to 44% of Malaysias fiscal deficit (JATRO). The activities of the state-owned PETRONAS influence the aggregate patterns, resulting in substantial investments in exploration and extraction in the oil and gas industry which is more towards the US, Canada and Australia as the recent rapid development of unconventional gas resources. 2.4 Technology Environment In Malaysia, domestic reservoirs are maturing due to the fact that Malaysian production is depleting since oils has been produced for hundred years. PETRONAS has been expanding overseas exploration and production of resources such as South Africa, Egypt and so on. Just like many other oil companies offshore rig has caused ecological imbalances such health and reproductive problems for surrounding marine life, destroys kelp beds, reefs and coastal wetlands, and exposes the wildlife to threats of oil spills (Greening Forward, 2008-2010). In such way, PETRONASs image is harm through the directly linkages to environments pollution. Company has been focusing on green technologies and developing in-house greening solutions. In particularly, the company has an ongoing research for strengthening PETRONAS ECOPLUSà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ environmentally friendly, degradable polymer series (PETRONAS Annual Report). 3.0 Overview of Globalization According to Business Dictionary, globalisation implies opening out beyond local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and inter-dependent world with free transfer of capital, goods and services across national frontiers. As world economy globalizes the national economies integrate into the international through trade; foreign direct investment; short-term capital flows; international movement of workers and people in general and flows of technology (Najam, A., Runnalls, D. Halle, M). This has created opportunity to the rise of multinational like PETRONAS in developing country venturing to the petroleum industry that used to be the exclusivity of companies from developed countries such as Royal Dutch Shell from United Kingdom and Exxon Mobil from United States. With the globalisation effect, PETRONAS has been growing organically and through strategic partnerships, via joint ventures, mergers acquisitions and so on as catalysts for escalated performance (Dato Shamsul Azhar Abbas, 2010). PETRONAS is gaining more freedom either on exporting petroleum products or setting up oil refineries in worldwide. This enable the company to continue dominant its position in the international business environment by penetrating larger capital market that has lesser regulations on foreign direct investment. For instance, PETRONAS is included in The New Seven Sister ranking by Financial Times which considered as one of the most influential international oil and gas companies which controlled about one third of the of the worlds oil and gas production and reserves (Nicholas Vardys The Global Guru, 2010). However, globalisation is not a bonus giving for all companies but imposes certain opportunity cost to the companies operations. PETRONAS may enjoy of possessing diversified revenue base which generated from its overseas operations and marketing. At the same time, the company has the opportunity cost of facing unexpected problems of like changing economic, regulatory and political environments globally and regionally which would create a serious impact to the companys growth. The actual globalisation impact on PETRONAS will be political risk, global competition and global technology transfer. 3.10 Actual Globalisation Impact on PETRONAS 3.11 Political risk Political risks of operating countries remain as the fundamental globalisation impact of PETRONAS because 42.1% of the companys revenue derives from international operation in countries such as Iran, Myanmar, Cuba and Sudan in the fiscal years ended in 2009. PETRONAS strategy was to pick strongest partner in operating countries to minimise these risk. For instance, the company is in partnership with China National Oil Corp. and Sudans National Oil Company, Sudapet, while in Iran it has a tie-up with Frances TotalFinaElf, which has a strong relationship with the country (Leslie Lopez, 2003). 3.12 Global Competition Globalization makes it increasingly difficult for PETRONAS to rely only on national regulation to protect its local positions in oil and gas industry. PETRONAS is deemed to face intense competitions of its oil and gas and refining industries in both domestically and internationally. For instance, PETRONASs retail subsidiary company, PETRONAS Dagangan Sdn Bhd used to compete with its main competitor Royal Dutch Shell but now competing with other retail competitors like ESSO (Exxon Mobile subsidiary), Caltex and BHP (Boustead Petroleum Marketing Sdn Bhd). On the other hand, globalisation of liberalization enables oil firms to set up oil refinery in other countries which lead PETRONAS in a competition of oil exploration and production operations in Sudan. 3.13 Risk and Benefit of Technology Transfer As economies open up, more people become involved in the processes of knowledge integration and the deepening of non-market connections, including flows of information, culture, ideology and technology. New technologies move across boundaries quicker, by connecting workers and citizens across boundaries and oceans (e.g., the rise of global social movements as well as of outsourcing), but they can also threaten social and economic networks at the local level (Najam, A., Runnalls, D. Halle, M). Under the effect of globalization, technology transfer is performed from MNC home country to host countries. PETRONAS presence in Sudan has transferred its exploratory and production technology to expand upstream and downstream sectors of Sudanese oil and gas industry. This could have harmed PETRONAS in a sense that transferring its competitive advantage to Sudan because the nation can explore the countrys oil reserved through skills learned from PETRONAS. Nevertheless, PETRONAS also learn special technology skill through its overseas joint venture partners. PETRONAS learned appropriate petrochemical technology through its joint venture partners include The Dow Chemical Company (Dow Chemical), BASF Netherlands B.V. (BASF), BP Chemicals, Idemitsu Petrochemical Co. Ltd, Mitsubishi Corporation, and Sasol Polymers International Investments (Pty) Ltd, (Sasol Polymers) which possess financing capability, marketing and distribution expertise (PETRONAS Capital). 3.20 Potential Globalisation Impact on PETRONAS 3.21 Depletions of Natural Resources The rapid acceleration in global economic activity and our dramatically increased demands for critical, finite natural resources undermine our pursuit of continued economic prosperity (Najam, A., Runnalls, D. Halle, M.). Under the globalisation process, firms gain free access to exploit natural resources of one country to another without any restriction. Non renewable resources like petroleum and gas sooner will be depleted over the years through uncontrollable exploration and productions. These impose serious environmental cost as well as the influencing the future direction of oil and gas industry. Sustainability of PETRONAS and other petroleum companies is deemed to be affected as petroleum product is source of revenue of the industry. Therefore, finding replacement of these depleted resources through invention of new technology is crucial to sustain the companies the industry. 3.22 Changes in foreign environmental laws and regulation In order to protect the environments, some countries might enact additional environmental legislation and regulation regarding exploration and production of oil and gas, petroleum, petrochemical products and other activities. Environmental law and regulation would limit or prohibit the company on drilling activities within protected areas and certain other areas; and impose penalties for pollution resulting from oil, natural gas and petrochemical operations, including criminal and civil liabilities for serious pollution ( Green Forward, 2008-2010). These would incur significant unforeseen expenditures for PETRONAS to comply with such requirements, which could adversely affect on PETRONAS business, financial condition and results of operations in overseas. Therefore, PETRONAS is in disadvantage because of taking longer time to response the changes in foreign environment laws and regulation attributes to its centralised management structure which connected globally 3.23 Risk of Brain Drain During the year under review, the shortage of critical skills faced by the oil and gas industry represented the key people related challenge faced by PETRONAS (PETRONAS, 2010). With the globalisation effect, PETRONAS could have enjoyed the benefit of penetrating and extracting talents in different countries by setting up overseas operations. However, it put the company at risk of brain drain in worldwide operation. Brain drain is referring to the net loss of a countrys highly trained and skilled manpower through migration (WebFinance, 2010). This is because globalisation process improves the mobility of skilled labour to move around the world freely. This means workers are becoming active information seekers and concern about their benefits in the organisations. Conveniences of knowledge sharing like pay standards and job opportunity via Internet able to influence the workers decision on staying in the same organisations. If PETRONAS Malaysia unable to offered attractive incentive to motivate skilled workers, the company is likely to find very difficult to retain the higher skilled workers who attracted better remuneration and benefits from companies in developed countries such as UK, Middle East, and so on. 4.0 Recommendations 4.10 Diversify to innovative green technology In order to overcome the potential impact, PETRONAS should not over dependence on natural resource like oil and gas to sustain the company future. PETRONAS is recommended to acquire new market with new product line through diversification. The company could focus on developing green technology as the environment preservation is key concern of around the world. Thus, PETRONAS is recommended to develop alternative fuels such as converting plastic waste to fuels, wastewater to fuels and so on which are considered economical to consumers yet reducing the pollution and damages to environment. In Malaysia, PETRONAS should emphasize on recycle energy supply technology by turning garbage into energy because Malaysian produced 23000 tonnes of garbage each day. With this technology, PETRONAS could form partnership with local electricity producer, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) as a way to increase its competitive advantage of diversification in energy industry over other oils and gas competitors as well as improving the environment status in Malaysia. 4.20 Reposition PETRONASs image By addressing the environmental problem causing by exploration and production activities, PETRONAS has been investing on its corporate social responsibility (CSR) centred on enhancing the education and community programme in Malaysia and abroad. In Vietnam, PETRONAS contribution to the nations development through education was recognised through the Certificate of Merit in Education by the President and Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam in 2010 (PETRONAS, 2010). But still there is a limitation of the companys CSR direction which should be refocuses on preserving the environments. Therefore, it is important for PETRONAS to reposition its image to be responsible and environmental concern oil and gas corporation. The company has to be alert of the changes foreign environmental laws and regulation as well as filling Environmental Assessment (EIA) before setting up exploration, production, refining and chemical projects in overseas. The company should increase investment on its research an d development by reducing the air emission and discharges resulting from the operation of natural gas processing plant, chemical plants, refineries, pipeline system. 4.30 Retain talents with attractive incentives program and growth PETRONAS believe staff is selflessly built, nurtured and grown under the corporation share value of loyalty, integrity, professionalism and cohesiveness. PETRONAS should continue its CSR on providing quality education in each country as a way to recruit talents from amongst the local and overseas graduates. However, retaining the existing high quality staffs of PETRONAS is a prominent factor to sustain the future of the corporation. Therefore, PETRONAS should increase the human empowerments by offering occupational mobility along both the technical or managerial tracks and ample opportunities for learning and growing. PETRONAS should also launches special incentive program to motivate staff through giving bonuses, company trips and other staff benefits. In this way, staffs would find themselves appreciated and more willing to serve the company with loyalty. 5.0 Conclusion From time to time, the most distinct globalisation impact on PETRONAS is the politics instability of oil exploration and production countries followed by the global competition of building market share as well as the oil and gas resources. The trend of technology transfer under globalisation, on the other hand, has benefited PETRONAS of capturing technical skills from overseas partners but it also leads PETRONAS losses its competitive advantage through transferring patented technologies while exploring other countries. Potential impact of globalisation would be the depletion of resources, changing environmental law and regulation and loss of human capital which are needed to take account by PETRONAS of sustaining its global presence in the coming future. In order to mitigate the actual globalisation impacts, PETRONAS has to strengthen its politics and religious affiliation with oil production countries for the future benefit. As for resolving the potential impact, PETRONAS is recommended to perform diversification in innovative green technology as the world is stressing on environment preservation. In addition, the company needs to reposition its global image not only by means of its current corporate social responsibility that solely focus on regional education but it should be more focus on environment preservation. Next, PETRONASs re-evaluate their incentives plan to avoid brain drain problem which high skilled workers are poached by competitors in developed countries. As a conclusion, it is important for MNC to join hand with government to mitigate the globalisation impact. PETRONAS strategy of growth through joint venture and partnership in the global is a brilliant way of reducing business risk. But without the effort of Malaysia Government of being proactive in developing politics and religious affiliation with Middle East countries, PETRONAS can never gain the opportunity to explore in these countries. Therefore, PETRONAS has to maintain its current competitive advantage as well as keep an eye on the unknown impact of globalisation. 2897 words

Fast food Resturents in India Essay

1. INTRODUCTION Globally, there is a growing demand for food away from home as a result of higher incomes, changes in consumption patterns, changes in household composition, and the time pressures created by dual-working families. The foodservice industry has become highly competitive as the number of foodservice outlets has increased to meet the demand. In order to succeed in such a competitive industry, restaurant operators need to understand the factors (and their relative importance) that influence restaurant patrons’ decision when selecting a restaurant This research investigates consumer choice using the consumer decision-making process as a framework and identifies the factors that influence the decisions of consumers in the upscale, ethnic segment of the foodservice industry. This chapter reviews the relevant literature about consumers and services, the consumer decision making process model, and previous studies in consumers’ restaurant selection behavior. Furthermore, the int errelationships between customer satisfaction, food quality, service quality and choice intentions are discussed. Lastly, the restaurant choice factors, dining occasion, and demographic characteristics are reviewed. 1.1 FASTFOOD Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. 1.2 CUSTOMER CHOICE In microeconomics, the theory of consumer choice relates preferences (for the consumption of both goods and services). Preferences are the desires by each individual for the consumption of goods and services that translate into choices based on income or wealth for purchases of goods and services to be combined with the consumer’s time to define consumption activities. 1.3 FASTFOOD INDUSTRY The fast food industry is dominated by a handful of powerful corporations who are determined to aggressively drive production costs to the minimum. Low wages are a central part of this program. Because every dollar an employer has to pay in the form of wages is one less dollar in their pocket. The lower the wages, the better the profits. The companies that have applied this formula most successfully are McDonald’s, Burger King and Yum (Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, KFC).Together these huge conglomerates dominate the industry, employing 3.7 million people worldwide; operating a combined total of 60,000 stores. 1.4 FASTFOOD RESTORENT IN INDORE Indore is famous city in a fast food industry. So many mnc’s and nation lavel corporation investing in the city. Indorins also like a fast food. That’s why many venture opened in indore like as:- 1.4.1 McDonald’s McDonald’s is the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries. Headquartered in the United States, the company began in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald; in 1948 they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand using production line principles. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as a franchise agent in 1955. He subsequently purchased the chain from the McDonald brothers and oversaw its worldwide growth. McDonald’s primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, Frenchfries, breakfast items, softdrinks, milkshakes and desserts. In response to changing consumer tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies and fruit. 1.4.2 Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) is a fast food restaurant chain headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, which specializes in fried chicken. An â€Å"American icon†, it is the world’s second largest restaurant chain overall (as measured by sales) after McDonald’s, with over 18,000 outlets in 120 countries and territories as of December 2012. The company is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, a restaurant company which also owns Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. KFC was founded by Harland Sanders, who began selling fried chicken from his roadside restaurant in Corbin, Kentucky during the Great Depression. Sanders was one of the first people to see the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, with the first â€Å"Kentucky Fried Chicken† franchise opening in Utah in 1952. 1.4.3 Pizza Hut Pizza hut is the largest pizza Restaurant Company in the world. It has 12000 outlets in 90 countries employing more than 3 lakh people. The legacy of pizza hut began in 1958.In India there are not much outlets, out of 1086 countries India is one of them but only in 9 cities pizza hut has its outlets. Pizza Hut has an aggressive expansion plan for India. It intends to have 100 outlets by the end of 2004. Pizza Hut will consolidate its presence in cities where it already exists as an endeavor to create a major share of these profitable markets first before spreading to other markets. Further, all new outlets in India would be franchisee owned resulting from the smooth functioning of the existing stores which are all franchisee owned. Hence, the same arrangement will be followed in the future to ensure growth-oriented results. The data written below represent what Pizza hut is all about and gives a brief profile of the company. 1.4.4 Domino’s Pizza Jubilant Food Works Limited (the Company) is a Jubilant Bhartia Group Company, The Company was incorporated in 1995 and initiated operations in 1996, The Company got listed on the Indian bourses in February 2010, Mr, Shyam S, Bhartia, Mr, Hari S, Bhartia and Jubilant Enpro Private Ltd, are the Promoters of the Company. The Company & its subsidiary operates Domino’s Pizza brand with the exclusive rights for India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, The Company is India’s largest and fastest growing food service company, with a network of 500+ Domino’s Pizza stores Stores (as of 31st March, 2012) The Company is the market leader in the organized pizza market with a 54% market share (Euro monitor Report 2010) and 70% share in the pizza home delivery segment in India, The Company has strengthened its portfolio by entering into an agreement with Dunkin’ Donuts Franchising LLC, for developing the Dunkin’ Donuts brand and operating restaurants in India.

Week 5 Psy/322

Case Study Analysis Psy/322 March 11, 2011 Japan to Apple’s iPhone The Apple iPhone did not make as big of a splash in Japan as Apple’s had hoped it would. The projection to sell a million iPhones in Japan unraveled and sales were very low. People of Japan were already aware of cell phones with a 3G network, which the faster network had been around for several years, much longer than the United States. A few problems that Japan had with the Apple iPhone were the touch screens, the iPhone were not as advanced as what they could already get in Japan, and the iPhone could not purchase train passes as the other phones did. Emoji†, clip art that is used to create a more interesting and creative e-mail was also an application that Apple could not offer. Citizens of Japan have high complex standards and when it comes to technology Japan is known for being well head of its time. The iPhone just did not stand up to what Japan already had in their back pocket. Cell phone us ers in Japan are infatuated with photos, video games, and high light features. Apple iPhone could not compete with what a market already established in Japan from other cell phone makers. The competitors had already offered Japan everything they needed.Japan made a mistake in trying to market the Apple iPhone in Japan at the time they did. In research they should have seen that they didn’t have everything that the Japanese wanted in a cell phone. Knowing Japan already had a 3G network that should have told Apple it would not be a new technology for the country. The people of this culture wanted everything at their fingertips and Apple didn’t have all they wanted. The Apple computers did well in Japan due to the technology is in the running with the other computers and they are similar.IPod also did well in Japan markets and that was due to the product being affordable, slim, and available to the people of Japan. Pricing and the cells phone plans in Japan are very compe titive and equates to low monthly expense for cell phones. The iPhones average monthly start around $60 dollars, which is much higher than competitors. The United States pays on average around $80 to $100 dollars for an iPhone plan. Many people of Japan also purchase their phones to use and the iPhone does not come cheap hen purchased. A large number of Japanese live with only a cell phone, so that cell phone needs to be everything in one. People of Japan do not want to use their cell phone as a personal computer and the problem with the iPhone is Apple relies on computers for syncing media and involving updates of software from the computer. ITunes is an example of an application that would require updates from a computer over time. Cell phones in Japan are about fashion as well and who has the most state of the art phone.Japan is so advanced with their technology that something new is coming out every day, so carrying around a cell phone that has been out for a year is unacceptabl e. The technology is consistently getting better and better, which the United States fall further behind. Apple did not grasp the cross-cultural concept and get an international perspective prior to marketing the iPhone. Apple also should have researched the marketing mix for the country. Price would be to high for the iPhone due to what Japan already had in service.The product did not have everything the consumer wanted on the product that would entice the consumer to purchase it. The place Apple wanted to move the product, which was Japan, already had the 3G network in place. Apple really did not have anything to promote that was different in the markets of Japan. The sheer functionality of the iPhone just did not make sense out of Japan. Mickey and Shark Fin Soup Shark fin soup is a popular soup item of Chinese culture that is usually served at big events such as weddings and banquets.This soup is considered a luxury item and the soup may cost up to $150 dollars a bowl. The soup originally came from the Ming Dynasty many years ago and is an important part of the celebrations. When Disney wanted to serve the soup to the guests that were going to have their wedding at Disney Hong Kong, advocates came out to protest serving the soup. There is an international concern over the sustainability and welfare of the sharks that will be used to make the delicacy. There is also concern that because the cost for the soup is so high there will be a higher demand for the soup.If the soup is in such high demand them the environmentalist have concern the sharks will become endangered. The Disney Company was trying to reach out to the people of Hong Kong and show an appreciation for the culture of their country. Disney wanted to offer the same items that other companies could offer to the people of Hong Kong. If Disney does not offer the Shark Fin Soup then the customers approaching Disney for their wedding will go somewhere else to receive the goods and service they want fo r the celebration.With the guidelines that Disney would have strict guidelines being such a large corporation, they would not be smuggling in sharks to create the soup. Disney chose not to serve the shark fin soup due to the pressure of the environmentalists. Much of the pressure came from the hits to Disney’s corporate image. Disney did careful research and determined that the environmentalists had a valid point that linking shark declines in the largest shark species.Disney felt the company needed to have the right balance with the cultural of Hong Kong and the conservation of the sharks. If I were a member of the Disney management team at the Walt Disney Company, I would not have the Shark fin soup on the menu for wedding in Hong Kong. Disney would lose more money by people boycotting the company then they would if Disney did not serve the soup. It is important for companies to research and know what they are dealing with before they make decisions that will affect a large group of people or animals as in this case.There is so much more money to be made through ticket sales and all the other foods that are offered by Disney. The damage that might have been done by making the decision to keep the shark fin soup on the menu would truly out way the damage if they took the soup off the menu. References: Keith Bradsher, â€Å"Chinese Delicacy Has Disney in Turbulent Waters, †New York Times, June 17, 2009, C1, C7 Yukari Iwatani Kane, â€Å"Apple’s Latest iPhone Sees Slow Japan Sales, â€Å"Wall Street Journal, September 15, 2008, B3